Click on the chemical name to display more information.
Tetrachlorvinphos
(Common synonyms: TCVP)
Avoid Use
Tetrachlorvinphos is the last organophosphate pesticide permitted for use in pet products. Tetrachlorvinphos is toxic to the nervous system and interferes with an essential enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) resulting in spasmodic over-excitation of the nervous system. Poisoning symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, wheezing, sweating, and tearing eyes. More severe poisoning can cause muscle twitching, drooling, seizures, respiratory paralysis, and death. Young children are particularly susceptible because their nervous system and brain are still developing, and their ability to metabolize these chemicals is impaired relative to adults. Tetrachlorvinphos is classified by EPA as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans."29,30 Tetrachlorvinphos is also suspected to disrupt the endocrine system.31close
Propoxur
Common synonyms: O-Isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate
Avoid Use
Propoxur is considered a "probable human carcinogen" by EPA,32 and is listed by the State of California as known to cause cancer. Propoxur, like tetrachlorvinphos, is a cholinesterase inhibitor, and has many of the same poisoning symptoms.close
Amitraz
Avoid Use
Amitraz is listed by the state of California as a known developmental toxicant33 in that it interferes with normal child development and can result in low birth weights, birth defects, and biological and psychological problems that manifest themselves as the child grows. The chemical is listed as a possible human carcinogen by the EPA.34 Symptoms of poisoning can include flushed skin, slow heart beat, low blood pressure, low body temperature, and sedation.35 Amitraz is also suspected to disrupt the endocrine system.36close
Permethrin
Avoid Use
Permethrin is one of a class of synthetic chemicals, called pyrethroids, that are derived from natural chemicals found in chrysanthemums. The synthetic varieties are significantly more potent and persistent than naturally occurring products, and permethrin has been classified by EPA as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans."37 Permethrin is also suspected to disrupt the endocrine system.38 Exposure to permethrin may cause numbing, tingling, or burning sensation on one's skin. Permethrin is known to be very toxic to cats, causing muscle tremors, seizures, salivation, vomiting and even death.39 Veterinarians caution against using permethrin containing products if there are cats in the home.40close
Fenoxycarb
Avoid Use
Fenoxycarb is a carbamate pesticide that is listed by the State of California as known to cause cancer. EPA classifies it as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans."41 Concerns have also been raised that it may also be a potential developmental toxin. Fenoxycarb is also suspected to disrupt the endocrine system.42close
Pennyroyal oil
Avoid Use
Pennyroyal oil can cause seizures, coma, and death in animals.43 Human poisonings resulting from ingestion of pennyroyal oil or tea have also been documented with effects ranging from nausea and dizziness to coma and death.44close
Fipronil
Use sparingly and avoid if pregnant or around young children
Fipronil is considered a possible human carcinogen.22 It also blocks a neural pathway responsible for preventing excessive stimulation resulting in over-excitation of the nervous system in both insects and humans.23 Fipronil binds less readily with mammalian nervous receptors than insect receptors, reducing its toxic effect in humans.24 Signs of poisoning from fipronil may include sweating, nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal pain, dizziness, agitation, weakness, and tonic clonic seizures.25 When exposed to sunlight, fipronil breaks down into a compound nine to ten times as potent as fipronil itself.26 Studies have shown that fipronil residues from pet fur can get transferred onto a wipe or a child's hand.27 Fipronil is also suspected to disrupt the endocrine system.28
Fipronil is listed as a least-toxic chemical control by the Integrated Pest Management Practitioner.45 It is listed on EcoWise Certified IPM Program Materials List. 47
There are significant health concerns associated with fipronil but in areas with severe tick problems limited and careful use may be warranted.
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Imidacloprid
Use sparingly and avoid if pregnant or around young children
Imidacloprid disrupts the nervous system of sucking insects and may be toxic to the human nervous system as well. It more readily binds to nerve receptors in insects than animals, reducing its toxic effects in humans.6 Imidacloprid is classified by EPA as "Group E—Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans."7,8 Signs of toxicity in rats include lethargy, respiratory disturbances, decreased movement, staggering gait, occasional trembling, and spasms. 9 Imidacloprid is listed as a least-toxic chemical control by the Integrated Pest Management Practitioner.45 It is listed on City and County of San Francisco Integrated Pest Management Program 2007 Reduced-Risk Pesticide List.46 It is listed on EcoWise Certified IPM Program Materials List. 47
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Pyrethrins
Use sparingly and avoid if pregnant or around young children
Pyrethrins are compounds derived from pyrethrum, an extract of the chrysanthemum flower. Pyrethrins, like many other insecticides, inhibit the functioning of the nervous system of pests and can be toxic to the human nervous system as well. Additionally, they can cause allergic reactions and exacerbate asthma. They are typically used with another compound (usually piperonyl butoxide) which inhibits the enzyme that would normally inactivate the pyrethrins, potentially increasing the toxicity. EPA classifies pyrethrins as "Suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity but not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic potential."10 Signs of pyrethin poisoning may include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, runny or stuffy nose, chest pain or difficulty breathing. 11 Pyrethrins is listed as a least-toxic chemical control by the Integrated Pest Management Practitioner.45
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D-Limonene, linalool, citrus oils, essential oils of cinnamon, citronella, clove (eugonol), geranium, bay, eucalyptus and rue
Use sparingly and avoid if pregnant or around young children
Several essential oils are known to cause allergic reactions, including severe dermatitis in people or pets. More severe reactions have been observed in pets, especially cats, including vomiting, salivation, muscle tremors, seizures, and death in a few cases.12,13 Among the chief allergens for humans are d-limonene and other citrus oils; cinnamon oil, citronella, clove oil (eugenol), and geranium oil.14 Rue oil is particularly worrisome because it sensitizes the skin to sunlight (photosensitivity), potentially resulting in severe sunburns with minimal sun exposure after contact.15 Citrus oils are listed as a least-toxic chemical control by the Integrated Pest Management Practitioner.45
Clove (eugonol) is listed on EcoWise Certified IPM Program Materials List. 47
D-Limonene is listed on EcoWise Certified IPM Program Materials List. <\47
close
Tea tree and lavender oils
Use sparingly and avoid if pregnant or around young children
Tea tree and lavender oils have been found to be estrogenic in humans, causing premature breast development in young boys who used consumer products containing these chemicals on their skin.16 Tea tree oil also contains D-limonene and linalool which can cause allergic reactions in humans17 and severe reactions have been reported in both cats and dogs.18
close
Selamectin
Use sparingly and avoid if pregnant or around young children
Selamectin is a relatively new insecticide and little information exists on its toxicity. However, early evidence suggests that Selamectin has very low toxicity in mammals and chemically similar compounds have not been found to be carcinogenic.19 Measurable transfer of residues from fur has been detected20 and further safety evaluations are needed. Selamectin is listed as a least-toxic chemical control by the Integrated Pest Management Practitioner.45
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Metaflumizone
Use sparingly and avoid if pregnant or around young children
This is a relatively new formulation of metaflumizone, insecticide and little information exists on its toxicity. At high doses it has been shown to cause general neurologic effects and liver toxicity in lab animals.21 It can leave a residue on pet's fur and has been shown to be absorbed through the skin. Further safety evaluations are needed.
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Essential oils of cedarwood, lemongrass, peppermintc, rosemary and thyme
Use only when chemical control is needed
These herbs are commonplace in many cosmetics. However, products containing essential oils may be more concentrated and use should be monitored closely for allergic responses in humans and pets. In addition, little information is available on the efficacy of these oils for flea control.
Peppermint and rosemary are listed on EcoWise Certified IPM Program Materials List. 47
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S-Methoprene
(PRECOR, vIGRen, [Isopropyl (2E, 4E, 7S)-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4 dodecadienoate])
Use only when chemical control is needed
S-Methoprene is an Insect Growth Regulator (IGR), meaning that it halts the growth of chitin, the substance that creates the exoskeleton in insects. IGRs are effective against developing insects but not against adult insects with already developed exoskeletons. Because of this, IGRs are used to prevent an extended infestation. Since mammals do not produce chitin, insect growth regulators have little effect on humans. According to EPA S-Methoprene has a very low acute toxicity.1,2
S-Methoprene is listed as a least-toxic chemical control by the Integrated Pest Management Practitioner.<45 It is listed on City and County of San Francisco Integrated Pest Management Program 2007 Reduced-Risk Pesticide List.46 And it is listed on EcoWise Certified IPM Program Materials List. 47
close
Lufenuron
Use only when chemical control is needed
Lufenuron is an IGR administered to dogs and cats in a tablet, as a food additive, or in an injection. Its risk to humans is very slight. There have been reports of vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, lethargy, and itchy skin in some dogs and cats following use of this product. 3
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Nitenpyram
Use only when chemical control is needed
Nitenpyram is administered to dogs and cats in a tablet. It is not a registered pesticide, but is a veterinary drug. Its risk to humans is very slight. Veterinary reports do not indicate cause for concern for animals although little safety information is available.
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Spinosad
Use only when chemical control is needed
Spinosad is administered to dogs in a tablet. It disrupts the nervous system function of insects, but is not neurotoxic to mammals. Its risk to humans is very slight. Veterinary reports do not indicate cause for concern, although long term studies have not been conducted. EPA classifies Spinosad as not likely to be a carcinogen. 4
Spinosad is listed on EcoWise Certified IPM Program Materials List. 47
close
Pyriproxyfen
(Nylar) 2-(1-Methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethoxy)pyridine
Use only when chemical control is needed
Pyriproxyfen, like S-Methoprene, is an IGR and has very little toxic effect on humans. According to EPA, pyriproxyfen has a very low acute toxicity and is classified as "Group E—Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans." 5 Pyriproxyfen is listed as a least-toxic chemical control by the Integrated Pest Management Practitioner.45 And it is listed on EcoWise Certified IPM Program Materials List. 47
close
Flea and tick treatments may contain toxic chemicals that can poison pets and harm people. Even when applied as instructed on the box, these chemicals are not safe, either for pets or humans. To help you make safer choices, NRDC checked the listed ingredients of more than a hundred flea and tick products to report which chemicals they contain and the chemicals' toxicity: whether they are linked to cancer, allergies and asthma or are suspected endocrine disruptors. Each product is categorized by its potential risk. Products that don't contain the most harmful chemicals are marked with a yellow paw. Pregnant women and young children are particularly at risk and should try to avoid any products from the red or orange categories.
Please note that while this table attempts to provide a reasonably comprehensive and accurate look at the insecticides most commonly found in pet flea control products, it does not claim to be an exhaustive list of products nor should it be used as such. Pet owners should take care to examine the active ingredients in all flea control products they buy. Download and print our pocket guide to identify chemical ingredients in flea and tick treatments and take it with you to the store or the vet.
Learn how to protect your pet without chemicals. When chemical control is necessary, choose a safer treatment and avoid the most toxic chemicals by selecting a product marked with a yellow paw.
Find your product from the alphabetized list below. Download and print the guide organized by risk.
Avoid Use
Use sparingly and
avoid if pregnant or
around young children
Use only when
chemical control
is needed
Select the first letter of the product's brand name. Select 'O' for essential oils.
| Product | Risk | Chemical(s) | Toxicity |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8 in 1 Brand Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Adam's Brand "Plus" Collars |
|
Propoxur | Toxic to the nervous system Probable carcinogen |
| Adams Brand “Flea Off” Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Adams Brand “Plus” Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Adams Brand Stripe-On |
|
Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Advantage Brand Topical | |
Imidacloprid | Toxic to the nervous system |
| Advantage Brand “Plus” Topical | |
Imidacloprid | Toxic to the nervous system |
| Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Americare Brand “Rabon” Collars |
|
Tetrachlorvinphos | Toxic to the nervous system Likely to cause cancer Suspected Endocrine Disruptor |
| Bansect Brand Collars |
|
Propoxur | Toxic to the nervous system Probable carcinogen |
| Basis Flea and Tick Household Spray |
|
Fenoxycarb | Likely to cause cancer Developmental toxin Suspected endocrine disruptor |
| Bio-Groom Brand Dip | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Bio-Groom Brand Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Bio-Groom Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| some contain Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Bio Spot Brand Collars |
|
Propoxur | Toxic to the nervous system Probable carcinogen |
| Bio Spot Shampoo |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats | Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Boss Pet Products Brand Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Breakthru! Brand Stripe-On |
|
Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| CAI Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Capstar |
|
Nitenpyram | Administered as a pill and therefore very low risk to humans. However, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Cardinal Brand Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Cardinal Brand Spray | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Comfortis |
|
Spinosad | Administered as a pill and therefore very low risk to humans. However, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Country Vet Brand Pet Dip | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Country Vet Brand Spray | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| D-Limonene | |
D-limonene | Linked to asthma and allergies Insufficient data to determine human toxicity Very toxic to pets, especially cats |
| Defend Brand “Exspot” Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats | Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats | Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Demize Strip-On |
|
Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Eagle-7 Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Ectogard Pet Spray with Tenocide |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Fenoxycarb | Likely to cause cancer Developmental toxin Suspected endocrine disruptor |
||
| Ectosoothe Brand Shampoo |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats | ||
| Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Enforcer Brand “Plus” Drops |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Enforcer Brand Pet Powder | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Enforcer Brand Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Enforcer Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Evercide Brand Dust |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Evercide Brand Pet Dip |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Evercide Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| some contain Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats | ||
| some contain Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Exspot Brand Insecticide |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Flea-B-Gone Brand Spray | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Four Paws Brand Soap | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Four Paws Brand “Protector” Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Fresh ‘n Clean Brand Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Frontline Brand Spray | 
|
Fipronil | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Suspected endocrine disruptor |
| Frontline Brand Topical |
|
Fipronil | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Suspected endocrine disruptor |
| Frontline Plus Brand |
|
Fipronil | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Suspected endocrine disruptor |
| S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Happy Jack Brand “Kennel Dip II” |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Happy Jack Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Harrison Brand Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Hartz Advanced Care for Cats and Kittens |
|
S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Hartz Brand Collars |
|
Tetrachlorvinphos | Toxic to the nervous system Likely to cause cancer Suspected Endocrine Disruptor |
| some contain S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Hartz Brand Dip | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Hartz Brand Powders |
|
Tetrachlorvinphos | Toxic to the nervous system Likely to cause cancer Suspected Endocrine Disruptor |
| Hartz Brand Spot On for Cats and Kittens |
|
S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Hartz Brand Soap | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Hartz Brand Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Hartz Spot-On |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Hartz Brand Sprays |
|
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Tetrachlorvinphos | Toxic to the nervous system Likely to cause cancer Suspected Endocrine Disruptor | ||
| some contain S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Hartz Ultra Guard for Cats & Kittens |
|
S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| HydroSurge Brand “Power Bath” Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| InControl by Hartz Collars |
|
Tetrachlorvinphos | Toxic to the nervous system Likely to cause cancer Suspected Endocrine Disruptor |
| K9 Advantix Brand |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Imidacloprid | Toxic to the nervous system | ||
| K9 Advantix Brand “Plus” |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Imidacloprid | Toxic to the nervous system | ||
| Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Linalool | |
Linalool | Linked to asthma and allergies Insufficient data to determine human toxicity Very toxic to pets, especially cats |
| Longlife “90 Day” Collar With Rabon |
|
Tetrachlorvinphos | Toxic to the nervous system Likely to cause cancer Suspected Endocrine Disruptor |
| Natura Brand Collar |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| No More Fleas Brand Spot-On |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| some contain S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Citrus Oils | |
Citrus oils | Linked to asthma and allergies Insufficient data to determine human toxicity Very toxic to pets, especially cats |
| Oil of Bay | |
Oil of Bay | Linked to asthma and allergies Insufficient data to determine human toxicity Very toxic to pets, especially cats |
| Oil of Cedarwood |
|
Oil of Cedarwood | Linked to asthma and allergies. Safer essential oil -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Oil of Cinnamon | |
Oil of Cinnamon | Linked to asthma and allergies Insufficient data to determine human toxicity Very toxic to pets, especially cats |
| Oil of Citronella | |
Oil of Citronella | Linked to asthma and allergies Insufficient data to determine human toxicity Very toxic to pets, especially cats |
| Oil of Clove (Eugonol) | |
Oil of Clove (Eugonol) | Linked to asthma and allergies Insufficient data to determine human toxicity Very toxic to pets, especially cats |
| Oil of Eucalyptus | |
Oil of Eucalyptus | Linked to asthma and allergies Insufficient data to determine human toxicity Very toxic to pets, especially cats |
| Oil of Geranium | |
Oil of Geranium | Linked to asthma and allergies Insufficient data to determine human toxicity Very toxic to pets, especially cats |
| Oil of Lavender | |
Oil of Lavender | Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected Endocrine Disruptor Insufficient data to determine human toxicity Very toxic to pets |
| Oil of Lemongrass |
|
Oil of Lemongrass | Linked to asthma and allergies. Safer essential oil -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Oil of Pennyroyal |
|
Oil of Pennyroyal | Toxic to the liver Insufficient information on cancer potential Very toxic to pets |
| Oil of Peppermint |
|
Oil of Peppermint | Linked to asthma and allergies. Safer essential oil -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Oil of Rosemary |
|
Oil of Rosemary | Linked to asthma and allergies. Safer essential oil -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Oil of Rue | |
Oil of Rue | Linked to asthma and allergies Insufficient data to determine human toxicity Very toxic to pets, especially cats |
| Oil of Tea Tree | |
Oil of Tea Tree | Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected Endocrine Disruptor Insufficient data to determine human toxicity Very toxic to pets |
| Oil of Thyme |
|
Oil of Thyme | Linked to asthma and allergies. Safer essential oil -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Perfect Coat Brand Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Petcor Brand Spray | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- However, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Pet Logic Brand Spot-On |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pet Principles by Hartz Collars |
|
Tetrachlorvinphos | Toxic to the nervous system Likely to cause cancer Suspected Endocrine Disruptor |
| Pet Select Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Premium Brand Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Program Brand Tabs |
|
Lufenuron | Administered as a pill and therefore very low risk to humans. However, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Promeris | |
Metaflumizone | Insufficient information to determine toxicity |
| Promeris Brand Spot-On |
|
Amitraz | Developmental toxin Suspected endocrine disruptor Possible carcinogen |
| ProTICall Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats | ||
| Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Pyraperm Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Raid Brand “Flea Killer” | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Fenoxycarb | Likely to cause cancer Developmental toxin Suspected endocrine disruptor |
||
| Results Brand Pet Powder | |
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Revolution Brand Topical | |
Selamectin | Insufficient information to determine toxicity |
| Rigo’s Best Brand Dip |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Rigo’s Best Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Scratchex Brand Strip-On |
|
Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Sentinel Brand Tabs |
|
Lufenuron | Administered as a pill and therefore very low risk to humans. However, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. |
| Sentry brand “Dual Action” collars |
|
Propoxur | Toxic to the nervous system Probable carcinogen |
| Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
||
| Sentry Brand Shampoo |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Sentry Brand “Pro” Shampoo |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Sentry Brand Squeeze–On |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| some contain Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Sergeant’s Brand “Sendran” Collars |
|
Propoxur | Toxic to the nervous system Probable carcinogen |
| Sergeant’s Brand “Triple Protection” collars |
|
Propoxur | Toxic to the nervous system Probable carcinogen |
| Sergeant’s Brand Dip |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Sergeant’s Brand Powder |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| some contain Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Sergeant’s Brand Shampoo |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies 4 )Very toxic to cats | ||
| some contain Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Sergeant’s Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Sergeant’s Brand Squeeze–On |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Unicorn Brand Dust |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Unicorn Brand Pet Dip |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Unicorn Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| some contain Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
||
| Unicorn Brand Shampoo |
|
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Vet Kem Brand “Plus” Collars |
|
Propoxur | Toxic to the nervous system Probable carcinogen |
| S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Vet Kem brand “Tick Away” Collars |
|
Propoxur | Toxic to the nervous system Probable carcinogen |
| Virbac Brand “Preventic” Collars |
|
Amitraz | Developmental toxin Suspected endocrine disruptor Possible carcinogen |
| Virbac Brand “Preventic Plus” Collars |
|
Amitraz | Developmental toxin Suspected endocrine disruptor Possible carcinogen |
| Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Virbac Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyrethrins | 1)Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats | ||
| some contain Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Virbac Brand “IGR” Spray |
|
Permethrin | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Zema Brand “Tick Detach” Collars |
|
Amitraz | Developmental toxin Suspected endocrine disruptor Possible carcinogen |
| Zema Brand Pet Dip | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Zema Brand Pet Powder | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| Zema Brand Shampoo |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Zema Brand Spray |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| some contain Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats. | ||
| some contain Pyriproxyfen | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Zodiac Brand Shampoo | |
Pyrethrins | Possible carcinogen Toxic to the nervous system Linked to asthma and allergies Very toxic to cats |
| some contain S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Zodiac Brand Spot-On |
|
Permethrin | Likely to cause cancer Linked to asthma and allergies Suspected endocrine disruptor Very toxic to cats |
| S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Zodiac Brand Collars |
|
Propoxur | Toxic to the nervous system Probable carcinogen |
| some contain S-Methoprene | Safer chemical -- however, all pesticides should be used with caution and in consultation with a veterinarian. | ||
| Zodiac FleaTrol Collars |
|
Propoxur | Toxic to the nervous system Probable carcinogen |
Endnotes
1 Richardson, Jill A. 2000. Permethrin poisoning study.Spot-on Toxicoses in Cats. The Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care.2 See EPA "June 2001 Update of the March 1991 Methoprene R.E.D. Fact Sheet. Available online at: http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_105401.pdf
3 Hickman, Angie & Cox, Caroline. 2003. Managing Fleas without Poisons. Journal of Pesticide Reform. 23:4
4 S. Kegley, B. Hill, S. Orme, PAN Pesticide Database, Pesticide Action Network, North America (San Francisco, CA. 2007), http:www.pesticideinfo.org.
5 See Federal Register document from EPA. "Pyriproxyfen; Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions." July 25, 1997. Volume 62, number 143. http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/1997/July/Day-25/p19671.htm
6 National Pesticide Telecommunications Network (NPTN) fact sheet on Imidacloprid. Available online at: http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/imidacloprid.pdf
7 Ibid
8 Ibid
9 NPTN fact sheet on Imidacloprid
10 See U.S. EPA Re-registration Eligibility Decision: Pyrethrins. June 2006. Available online at: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/pyrethrins_red.pdf
11 National Pesticide Telecommunications Network (NPTN) fact sheet on Pyrethrins. Available online at: http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/pyrethrins.pdf
12 Poppenga, Robert H. 2002. Toxicology of Herbal Medicines and Dietary Supplements. Presented at the 2002 Western Veterinary Conference.
13 Lee, Justine A., Budgin, Jeanne B., and Mauldin, Elizabeth A. 2002. Acute Necrotizing Dermatitis and Septicemia After Application of a d-limonene-based Insecticidal Shampoo in a Cat. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association. 221:2.
14 Schnuch, Axel, Uter, Wolfgang, Geier, Johannes, Lessmann, Holger, Frosch, Peter J. 2007. Sensitization to 26 Fragrances to be Labelled According to Current European Regulation. Contact Dermatitis 57.
15 Martindale-The complete Drug Reference. 2008. Pharmaceutical Press
16 Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. N Engl J Med. 356(5):479-85, 2007.
17 Mozelsio, Nancy B., Harris, Kathleen E., McGrath, Kris G., Grammer, Leslie C. 2003. Immediate Systemis Hypersensitivity Reaaction Assocaited with Topical Application of Australian Tea Tree Oil. Allergy and Asthma Proc. 24: 73-75.
18 Poppenga, Robert H. 2002. Toxicology of Herbal Medicines and Dietary Supplements. Presented at the 2002 Western Veterinary Conference.
19 See European Medicines Agency product profile for Stronghold (containing selamectin). Available online at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/vetdocs/PDFs/EPAR/stronghold/066599en6.pdf
20 Gupta, R.; Masthay, M.; Canerdy, T.; Acosta, T.; Provost, R.; Britton, D.; Atieh, B.; Keller, R. 2005. Human Exposure to Selamectin from Dogs Treated with Revolution TM : Methodological Consideration for Selamectin Isolation. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 15(4):317-321
21 Summary of Toxicology Data: Metaflumizone, CACalifornia Department of Pesticide Regulation, DPR tox assessmentAugust. 2006. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/risk/toxsums/pdfs/5935.pdfSummary Of Toxicology Data Metaflumizone
22 National Pesticide Telecommunications Network (NPTN) fact sheet on Fipronil(technical). Available online at: http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/fiptech.pdf
23 Ibid
24 Ibid
25 Ibid
26 Ibid
27 Jennings KA, Canerdy TD, Keller RJ, Atieh BH, Doss RB, Gupta RC. 2002. Human Exposure to Fipronilfrom Dogs Treated with Frontline. Vet Hum Toxicol. 44(5):301-303.
28 S. Kegley, B. Hill, S. Orme, PAN Pesticide Database, Pesticide Action Network, North America (San Francisco, CA. 2007), http:www.pesticideinfo.org.
29 See U.S. EPA Re-registration Eligibility Decision: Tetrachlorvinphos. July 2006. Available online at: http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/reregistration/REDs/tcvp_red.pdf
30 See U.S. EPA Re-registration Eligibility Decision: Tetrachlorvinphos. Available online at: http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/reregistration/REDs/tcvp_red.pdf
31 S. Kegley, B. Hill, S. Orme, PAN Pesticide Database, Pesticide Action Network, North America (San Francisco, CA. 2007), http:www.pesticideinfo.org.
32 See U.S. EPA Re-registration Eligibility Decision: Propoxur. August, 1997. Available online at: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/2555red.pdf
33 On California's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 list for developmental toxicity. http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single092807.pdf
34 See U.S. EPA Re-registration Eligibility Decision: Amitraz. July, 2006. Available online at: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/0234red.pdf
35 Pesticide Action Network North America. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC32824#Symptoms
36 S. Kegley, B. Hill, S. Orme, PAN Pesticide Database, Pesticide Action Network, North America (San Francisco, CA. 2007), http:www.pesticideinfo.org.
37 See U.S. EPA Re-registration Eligibility Decision: Permethrin. April, 2006. Available online at: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/permethrin_red.pdf
38 S. Kegley, B. Hill, S. Orme, PAN Pesticide Database, Pesticide Action Network, North America (San Francisco, CA. 2007), http:www.pesticideinfo.org.
39 Richardson, Jill A. 2000. Permethrin poisoning study.Spot-on Toxicoses in Cats. The Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care.
40 Merola, Valentina and Dunayers, Eric. 2006. The 10 Most Common Toxicoses in Cats. Toxicology Brief. Veterinary infoMedicine.
41 Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential, US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, September 12, 2007, http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/carlist/
42 S. Kegley, B. Hill, S. Orme, PAN Pesticide Database, Pesticide Action Network, North America (San Francisco, CA. 2007), http:www.pesticideinfo.org.
43 Shell, Linda G. 2006. Pennyroyal Oil Toxicosis. Published on Veterinary Information Network.
44 Anderson, Ilene B., Mullen, Walter H., Meeker, James F., Khojasteh-Bakht, Siamak C., Oishi, Shimako, Nelson, Sidney D., and Blanc, Paul D. 1996. Pennyroyal Toxicity: Measurement of Toxic Metabolite Levels in Two Cases and Review of Literature. AnnIntern Med. 124
45 The IPM Practitioner. Fall 2006. Volume XXVIII, Number 11/12. Nov/Dec 2006. pg 11.
46 San Francisco Department of the Environment. "2007 San Francisco Reduced Risk Pesticide List for City Operations." Adopted May 22, 2007. Available online at: http://www.up3project.org/documents/2007rpplbyaicomplete.pdf
47 EcoWise Certified Standards for IPM
